Course Code: ER20-12T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the chemical structure, storage conditions and medicinal uses of organic and inorganic chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals. Also, this course discusses the impurities, quality control aspects of chemical substances used in pharmaceuticals.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of the chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals for various disease conditions
Chemical classification, chemical name, chemical structure
Pharmacological uses, doses, stability and storage conditions
Different types of formulations / dosage form available and their brand names
Impurity testing and basic quality control tests
Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
Describe the chemical class, structure and chemical name of the commonly used drugs and pharmaceuticals of both organic and inorganic nature
Discuss the pharmacological uses, dosage regimen, stability issues and storage conditions of all such chemical substances commonly used as drugs
Describe the quantitative and qualitative analysis, impurity testing of the chemical substances given in the official monographs
Identify the dosage form & the brand names of the drugs and pharmaceuticals popular in the marketplace
Chapter 1 (8 hours)
Introduction to Pharmaceutical chemistry: Scope and objectives
Sources and types of errors: Accuracy, precision, significant figures
Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in Pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit test, Principle and procedures of Limit tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic.
Chapter 2 (8 hours)
Volumetric analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, Acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, redox titration
Gravimetric analysis: Principle and method.
Chapter 3 (7 hours)
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations, storage conditions and uses of
● Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric ammonium citrate, Ferrous ascorbate, Carbonyl iron
● Gastro-intestinal Agents: Antacids :Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics
● Topical agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric acid, Bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate
● Dental products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture cleaners, Denture adhesives, Mouth washes
● Medicinal gases: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen
Chapter 4 (2 hours)
Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to heterocyclic compounds containing up to Three rings
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names
Chapter 5 (9 hours)
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*
Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*, Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone
Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine
Anti-Depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine
Chapter 6 (9 hours)
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathomimetic Agents:
Direct Acting: Nor- Epinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.
Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol
Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide
Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium Bromide
Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*
Chapter 7 (5 hours)
Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System
Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol
Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine,
Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate
Chapter 8 (2 hours)
Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide, Metolazone, Xipamide, Spironolactone
Chapter 9 (3 hours)
Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its Preparations, Metformin*, Glibenclamide*, Glimepiride, Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins
Chapter 10 (3 hours)
Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Morphine Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists;
Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) - Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac
Chapter 11 (8 hours)
Anti-Infective Agents
Antifungal Agents: Amphotericin-B, Griseofulvin, Miconazole, Ketoconazole*, Itraconazole, Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride
Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*, Moxifloxacin,
Anti-Tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*
Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine, Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir
Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*, Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin
Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfametho xazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate, Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*
Chapter 12 (8 hours)
Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin,
Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline,
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin,
Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol* Clindamycin
Chapter 13 (3 hours)
Anti-Neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine Sulphate, Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate