BIOCHEMISTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY – THEORY
Course Code: ER20-23T
75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the study of structure and functions of bio-molecules and the chemical processes associated with living cells in normal and abnormal states. The course also emphasizes on the clinical pathology of blood and urine.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following at the fundamental level
Structure and functions of bio-molecules
Catalytic activity, diagnostic and therapeutic importance of enzymes
Metabolic pathways of bio-molecules in health and illness (metabolic disorders)
Biochemical principles of organ function tests and their clinical significance
Qualitative and quantitative determination of bio-molecules / metabolites in the biological sample
Clinical pathology of blood and urine
Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
Describe the functions of bio-molecules
Discuss the various functions of enzymes in the human system
Explain the metabolic pathways of bio-molecules in both physiological and pathological conditions
Describe the principles of organ function tests and their clinical significance
Determine the bio-molecules / metabolites in the given biological samples, both qualitatively and quantitatively
Describe the clinical pathology of blood and urine
CHAPTER 1 (2 hours)
Introduction to biochemistry:
Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization.
CHAPTER 2 (5 hours)
Carbohydrates
Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties
Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and glycogen
Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates
CHAPTER 3 (5 hours)
Proteins
Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples
Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids
Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins
CHAPTER 4 (5 hours)
Lipids
Definition, classification with examples
Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
Fatty acid classification - Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples
Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the body
Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
CHAPTER 5 (4 hours)
Nucleic acids
Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
CHAPTER 6 (5 hours)
Enzymes
Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes
CHAPTER 7 (6 hours)
Vitamins
Definition and classification with examples
Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
CHAPTER 8 (20 hours)
Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)
Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates
Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
CHAPTER 9 (5 hours)
Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements
CHAPTER 10 (5 hours)
Water and Electrolytes
Distribution, functions of water in the body
Water turnover and balance
Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral re-hydration therapy
CHAPTER 11 (1 hours)
Introduction to Biotechnology
CHAPTER 12 (6 hours)
Organ function tests
Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances
Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances
Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
CHAPTER 13 (6 hours)
Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance
Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance